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使用 Dynamic Linq 构建动态 Lambda 表达式

相信大家都有这样一种感觉,LinqLambda是.NET 中一以贯之的存在,从最早的 Linq to Object 到 Linq to SQL,再到 EF/EF Core 甚至如今的.NET Core,我们可以看到Lambda表达式的身影出现地越来越频繁。虽然 Linq to Object 和 Linq to SQL,分别是以IEnumerable<T>IQueryable <T>为基础来实现的。我个人以为,Lambda呢,其实就是匿名委托的“变种”,而Linq则是对Lambda的进一步封装。在System.Linq.Expressions命名空间下,提供大量关于表达式树的 API,而我们都知道,这些表达式树最终都会被编译为委托。所以,动态创建 Lambda 表达式,实际上就是指从一个字符串生成对应委托的过程,而一旦这个委托被生成,可以直接传递给 Where()方法作为参数,显然,它可以对源数据进行过滤,这正是我们想要的结果。

事出有因

在今天这篇博客中,我们主要介绍System.Linq.Dynamic.Core这个库,即我所说的 Dynamic Linq。本着“艺术源于生活的态度”,在介绍它的用法之前,不妨随博主一起看看,一个“简单“的查询是如何随着业务演进而变得越来越复杂。从某种意义上来说,正是它让博主想起了 Dynamic Linq。我们为客户编写了一个生成订单的接口,它从一张数据表中“消费”订单数据。最开始,它只需要过滤状态为“未处理”的记录,对应的 CRUD 可以表示为这样:

var orderInfos = repository.GetByQuery<tt_wg_order>(x => x.STATUS == 10);

后来,因为业务方存在重复/错误下单的情况,业务数据有了“软删除”的状态,相应地查询条件再次发生变化,这看起来还行对吧:

var orderInfos = repository.GetByQuery<tt_wg_order>(x => x.STATUS == 10 && x.Isdelete == 0);

再后来,因为接口处理速度不理想,无法满足客户的使用场景,公司大佬们建议“加机器”,而为了让每台服务器上消费的订单数据不同(据说是为了避免发生并发),大佬们要求博主开放所有字段作为查询条件,这样,每台服务器上可以配置不同查询条件。自此,又双叒叕改:

var repository = container.Resolve<CrudRepositoryBase>();
var searchParameters = new SearchParameters() { PageInfo = new PageInfo() { PageSize = parameters.PAGE_SIZE.Value }};
searchParameters.QueryModel.Items.Add(new ConditionItem { Field = "STATUS", Method = QueryMethod.Equal, Value = 10 });
searchParameters.QueryModel.Items.Add(new ConditionItem { Field = "Isdelete", Method = QueryMethod.Equal, Value = 0 });
//此处省略更多的查询条件:)
var orderInfos = repository.GetByPage<tt_wg_order>(searchParameters);

可以想象得出,终极终终极的查询会变成下面这张图。这种方式看起来很美好对不对?可谁能想到,就在五一放假前的某一天里,博主还在替某个“刁钻”客户排查一组同样“刁钻”的过滤条件为什么没有生效。显然,我需要有一种更友好的方式,它可以从一个字符串变成一个委托,就像 JavaScript 里"邪恶"的 Eval()函数一样,说它邪恶,是因为它的输入是不可控的,“机智"的人类习惯把事件万物都当成 SQL 语句,其实,RESTful 接口里传 SQL、调存储过程难道不可以吗?同样,是因为这种做法太"邪恶”。

![过滤条件在风中凌乱]](https://i.loli.net/2020/05/11/QEDHwA9bZUTInJY.png)

ParseLambda

首先,通过nuget安装:System.Linq.Dynamic.Core。这里主要介绍的是介绍的是其中的 ParseLambda()方法,顾名思义,它可以把一个字符串转换为指定类型的委托,一起来看下面的例子。首先,我们定义一个通用方法 BuildLambda:

Func<T, bool> BuildLambda<T>(string exps)
{
  var sourceType = typeof(T);
  var sourceParameter = Expression.Parameter(sourceType);
  var lambdaExps = DynamicExpressionParser.ParseLambda(
    new[] { sourceParameter }, 
    typeof(bool), 
    exps
  );
  return lambdaExps.Compile() as Func<T, bool>;
}

var students = new List<Student>()
{
  new Student() { 
    Name = "长安书小妆", Age = 25, Address = "洛阳市洛龙区", 
    Teacher = new Teacher() { Name = "孔子" } },
  new Student() { 
    Name = "飞鸿踏雪", Age = 28, Address = "宁夏中卫市", 
    Teacher = new Teacher() { Name = "孔子" } },
};

var exps = "Age<=25 && Address.Contains(\"洛阳市\") && Teacher.Name=\"孟子\"";
var lambda = BuildLambda<Student>(exps);
var results = students.Where(lambda);

注意到,核心的代码其实只有DynamicExpressionParser.ParseLambda()这一句,这充分暴露了博主“调包侠”的本质。按照示例代码中的过滤条件,我们知道给定数据中是没有符合条件的数据的。假如你真的运行了这段代码,你就会得到真正的结果:我说的是对的(逃

One More Thing

其实,我们今天所说这一切,从本质上来讲,还是属于表达式树的范畴,因为上面的例子,我们同样可以使用表达式树来编写,无非是这个第三方库帮我们隐藏了这部分细节。对于上面这个例子,如果用表达式树来写,会是什么样子的呢?相信熟悉表达式树的朋友,可以非常容易地写出下面的代码:

//x
var parameter = Expression.Parameter(typeof(tt_wg_order), "x");
//x.STATUS == 10
var condStatus = Expression.Equal(Expression.Property(parameter, "STATUS"), Expression.Constant(10));
//x.Isdelete == 0
var condIsDelete = Expression.Equal(Expression.Property(parameter, "Isdelete"), Expression.Constant(0));
//x.STATUS == 10 && x.Isdelete == 0
var condAndAlso = Expression.AndAlso(condStatus, condIsDelete);
//x => x.STATUS == 10 && x.Isdelete == 0
var lambda = Expression.Lambda<Func<tt_wg_order,bool>>(condAndAlso, parameter);

我们可以注意到,一个 Lmabda 表达式,可以抽象为:参数(Parameter)和函数体(Body)两部分,而Body实际上是由一个操作符和一个组成。譬如这里的第一个条件:x.STATUS == 10。在这里基础上,我们可以定义一个类型:SearchParameters,它将每个条件抽象为字段(Field)、查询方法(QueryMethod)、值(Value)和或分组(OrGroup)。所以,它的处理逻辑就是,将相同 OrGroup 的条件放在一起用 Or 连接,然后再和其它条件放在一起用 And 连接。故而,它可以通过表达式构造出一个 Predict类型的委托,而我们的数据持久层是使用 EF 来实现的,所以,它可以顺利成章地和 IQueryable搭配使用,这就是我们这个 SearchParameters 的实现原理,它唯一让我觉得不好的地方是,字段(Field)不能通过一个 Lambda 表达式去构造,而必须传入一个字符串,这给了使用者写错字段名称的机会(逃:

 public static class LambdaExpressionBuilder 
 {
     private static Expression GetExpression (ParameterExpression parameter, Condition condition) 
     {
         var propertyParam = Expression.Property (parameter, condition.Field);
         var propertyInfo = propertyParam.Member as PropertyInfo;
         if (propertyInfo == null) throw new ArgumentException ($"Invalid field \"{condition.Field}\"");
         var realPropertyType = Nullable.GetUnderlyingType (propertyInfo.PropertyType) ?? propertyInfo.PropertyType;
         if (condition.Op != Operation.StdIn && condition.Op != Operation.StdNotIn)
             condition.Value = Convert.ChangeType (condition.Value, realPropertyType);
         var constantParam = Expression.Constant (condition.Value);
         switch (condition.Op) {
             case Operation.Equals:
                 return Expression.Equal (propertyParam, constantParam);
             case Operation.NotEquals:
                 return Expression.NotEqual (propertyParam, constantParam);
             case Operation.Contains:
                 return Expression.Call (propertyParam, "Contains", null, constantParam);;
             case Operation.NotContains:
                 return Expression.Not (Expression.Call (propertyParam, "Contains", null, constantParam));
             case Operation.StartsWith:
                 return Expression.Call (propertyParam, "StartsWith", null, constantParam);
             case Operation.EndsWith:
                 return Expression.Call (propertyParam, "EndsWith", null, constantParam);
             case Operation.GreaterThen:
                 return Expression.GreaterThan (propertyParam, constantParam);
             case Operation.GreaterThenOrEquals:
                 return Expression.GreaterThanOrEqual (propertyParam, constantParam);
             case Operation.LessThan:
                 return Expression.LessThan (propertyParam, constantParam);
             case Operation.LessThanOrEquals:
                 return Expression.LessThanOrEqual (propertyParam, constantParam);
             case Operation.StdIn:
                 return Expression.Call (typeof (Enumerable), "Contains", new Type[] { realPropertyType }, new Expression[] { constantParam, propertyParam });
             case Operation.StdNotIn:
                 return Expression.Not (Expression.Call (typeof (Enumerable), "Contains", new Type[] { realPropertyType }, new Expression[] { constantParam, propertyParam }));
         }

         return null;
     }

     private static Expression GetGroupExpression (ParameterExpression parameter, List<Condition> orConditions) 
     {
         if (orConditions.Count == 0)
             return null;

         var exps = orConditions.Select (c => GetExpression (parameter, c)).ToList ();
         return exps.Aggregate<Expression, Expression> (null, (left, right) => {
             if (left == null)
                 return right;
             return Expression.OrElse (left, right);
         });
     }

     public static Expression<Func<T, bool>> BuildLambda<T> (IEnumerable<Condition> conditions) 
     {
         if (conditions == null || !conditions.Any ()) return x => true;
         var parameter = Expression.Parameter (typeof (T), "x");

         //简单条件
         var simpleExps = conditions.ToList ().FindAll (c => string.IsNullOrEmpty (c.OrGroup))
             .Select (c => GetExpression (parameter, c))
             .ToList ();

         //复杂条件
         var complexExps = conditions.ToList ().FindAll (c => !string.IsNullOrEmpty (c.OrGroup))
             .GroupBy (x => x.OrGroup)
             .Select (g => GetGroupExpression (parameter, g.ToList ()))
             .ToList ();

         var exp = simpleExps.Concat (complexExps).Aggregate<Expression, Expression> (null, (left, right) => {
                 if (left == null)
                     return right;
                 return Expression.AndAlso (left, right);
             });;
         return Expression.Lambda<Func<T, bool>> (exp, parameter);
     }
 }

接下来,我们就可以以一种优雅的方式来对编写查询条件:

var searchParameters = new SearchParameters();
searchParameters.Query = new QueryModel();
searchParameters.Query.Add(new Condition() { Field = "IntValue", Op = Operation.LessThan, Value = 30 });
searchParameters.Query.Add(new Condition() { Field = "StringValue", Op = Operation.Contains, Value = "山", OrGroup = "StringValue" });
searchParameters.Query.Add(new Condition<Foo>() { Field = x => x.StringValue, Op = Operation.Contains, Value = "有朋", OrGroup = "StringValue" });
var lambda = LambdaExpressionBuilder.BuildLambda<Foo>(searchParameters.Query);
var where = lambda.Compile();
var result = list.Where(where);

这种实现可以说相当巧妙啦,因为通过有限的条件,我们就可以覆盖到大部分查询的场景,而如果直接去解析一个 Lambda 表达式,难度显然会增加不少。这里是以一个普通的泛型列表作为示例的,而在实际使用中,常常是结合 EntityFramework 这类 ORM 来使用的。相应地,我们只需要为 IQueryable 接口扩展出支持 SearchParameter 作为参数进行查询地扩展方法即可,这分别对应了我们在文章一开头所提到的IEnumerable<T>IQueryable <T>

可如果遇上 Dapper 这样的轻量级 ORM,我们要考虑的问题就变成了怎么通过 Lambda 表达式生成 SQL 语句,所以,通过 Dapper 来扩展功能的时候,最困难的地方,往往在于没法儿像 EF/EF Core 一样去随心所欲地 Where(),像 Dapper.Contrib 则只能先查询出所有结果再去做进一步的过滤,这种在数据量特别大的时候就会出问题。通过 Lambda 生成 SQL,最难的地方是,你压根不知道,人家会写一个什么样的表达式,而这个表达式,又怎么通过 SQL 去表达。那么,退而求其次,我们继续用 SearchParameters 来实现,因为它里面的 QueryMethod 是有限的,下面给出一个简单的实现:

public static class SearchParametersExtension 
{
    public static (string, Dictionary<string, object>) BuildSqlWhere (this SearchParameters searchParameters) 
    {
        var conditions = searchParameters.Query;
        if (conditions == null || !conditions.Any ())
            return (string.Empty, null);

        var sqlExps = new List<string> ();
        var sqlParam = new Dictionary<string, object> ();

        //构建简单条件
        var simpleConditions = conditions.FindAll (x => string.IsNullOrEmpty (x.OrGroup));
        sqlExps.Add (simpleConditions.BuildSqlWhere (ref sqlParam));

        //构建复杂条件
        var complexConditions = conditions.FindAll (x => !string.IsNullOrEmpty (x.OrGroup));
        sqlExps.AddRange (complexConditions.GroupBy (x => x.OrGroup).ToList ().Select (x => "( " + x.BuildSqlWhere (ref sqlParam, " OR ") + " )"));

        var sqlWhwere = sqlExps.Count > 1 ? string.Join (" AND ", sqlExps) : sqlExps[0];
        return ($" WHERE {sqlWhwere} ", sqlParam);
    }

    public static string BuildSqlWhere (this IEnumerable<Condition> conditions, ref Dictionary<string, object> sqlParams, string keywords = " AND ") 
    {
        if (conditions == null || !conditions.Any ())
            return string.Empty;

        var sqlParamIndex = 1;
        var sqlExps = new List<string> ();
        foreach (var condition in conditions) {
            var index = sqlParams.Count + sqlParamIndex;
            switch (condition.Op) {
                case Operation.Equals:
                    sqlExps.Add ($"{condition.Field} = @Param{index}");
                    sqlParams[$"Param{index}"] = condition.Value;
                    break;
                case Operation.NotEquals:
                    sqlExps.Add ($"{condition.Field} <> @Param{index}");
                    sqlParams[$"Param{index}"] = condition.Value;
                    break;
                case Operation.Contains:
                    sqlExps.Add ($"{condition.Field} LIKE @Param{index}");
                    sqlParams[$"Param{index}"] = $"%{condition.Value}%";
                    break;
                case Operation.NotContains:
                    sqlExps.Add ($"{condition.Field} NOT LIKE @Param{index}");
                    sqlParams[$"Param{index}"] = $"%{condition.Value}%";
                    break;
                case Operation.StartsWith:
                    sqlExps.Add ($"{condition.Field} LIKE @Param{index}");
                    sqlParams[$"Param{index}"] = $"%{condition.Value}";
                    break;
                case Operation.EndsWith:
                    sqlExps.Add ($"{condition.Field} LIKE @Param{index}");
                    sqlParams[$"Param{index}"] = $"{condition.Value}%";
                    break;
                case Operation.GreaterThen:
                    sqlExps.Add ($"{condition.Field} > @Param{index}");
                    sqlParams[$"Param{index}"] = $"{condition.Value}";
                    break;
                case Operation.GreaterThenOrEquals:
                    sqlExps.Add ($"{condition.Field} >= @Param{index}");
                    sqlParams[$"Param{index}"] = $"{condition.Value}";
                    break;
                case Operation.LessThan:
                    sqlExps.Add ($"{condition.Field} < @Param{index}");
                    sqlParams[$"Param{index}"] = $"{condition.Value}";
                    break;
                case Operation.LessThanOrEquals:
                    sqlExps.Add ($"{condition.Field} <= @Param{index}");
                    sqlParams[$"Param{index}"] = $"{condition.Value}";
                    break;
                case Operation.StdIn:
                    sqlExps.Add ($"{condition.Field} IN @Param{index}");
                    sqlParams[$"Param{index}"] = $"{condition.Value}";
                    break;
                case Operation.StdNotIn:
                    sqlExps.Add ($"{condition.Field} NOT IN @Param{index}");
                    sqlParams[$"Param{index}"] = $"{condition.Value}";
                    break;
            }

            sqlParamIndex += 1;
        }

        return sqlExps.Count > 1 ? string.Join (keywords, sqlExps) : sqlExps[0];
    }
}

现在,我们可以换一种方式来查 Dapper,果然是因为手写 SQL 没有安全感的缘故啊!

var searchParameters = new SearchParameters();
searchParameters.Page = new PageModel() { PageSize = 10, CurrentPage = 1 };
searchParameters.Query = new QueryModel();
searchParameters.Query.Add(new Condition() { Field = "OrgCode", Op = Operation.Contains, Value = "飞天御剑流", OrGroup = "OrgCode" });
searchParameters.Query.Add(new Condition() { Field = "OrgCode", Op = Operation.Equals, Value = "新选组", OrGroup = "OrgCode" });
searchParameters.Query.Add(new Condition() { Field = "CreatedAt", Op = Operation.GreaterThenOrEquals, Value = new DateTime(2020, 1, 1)});
_repository.GetByQuery<BusinessUnit>(searchParameters);

对于定义Condition时,Field属性安全感缺失的问题,我们可以这样来解决:

public class Condition<T> : Condition

  public new Expression<Func<T, dynamic>> Field { get; set; }
  public Operation Op { get; set; }
  public object Value { get; set; }
  public string OrGroup { get; set; }
}

public class QueryModel : List<Condition>
{
  public void Add<T>(Condition<T> condition) where T : class
  {
    var filedName = string.Empty;
    var memberExp = condition.Field.Body as MemberExpression;
    if (memberExp == null)
    {
      var ubody = (UnaryExpression)condition.Field.Body;
      memberExp = ubody.Operand as MemberExpression;
    }
    filedName = memberExp.Member.Name;
    Add(new Condition() { Field = filedName, Op = condition.Op, Value = condition.Value, OrGroup = condition.OrGroup });
    }
  }

其实,这还是表达式树的内容,在上面的代码片段中,早已出现过它的身影,回想起多年前用这个东西改造 INotifyPropertyChanged 的时候,总觉得一切似曾相识:

searchParameters.Query.Add(new Condition<Foo>() { Field = x => x.StringValue, Op = Operation.Contains, Value = "有朋", OrGroup = "StringValue" });

本文小结

和博主的大多数博客一样,这篇博客是一个“醉翁之意不在酒”的博客。听起来在说如何动态创建 Lambda 表达式,实际上讲的还是表达式树,至于原因,则还是博客开篇所提到的“一以贯之”。博主想写这篇博客,是源于实际工作中遇到的“查询”问题,而最后解决的还真就是查询的问题。不管是 Dynamic Linq 中的 ParseLambda()还是表达式树中的 LambdaExpression,本质上都是同一个东西,最终的命运都是 Predict这个委托。SearchParameters 则是对前者的一种简化,通过控制 Lambda 表达式的复杂度来简化问题,相比起直接传一个字符串过来,这种在风险的控制上要更高一点,之所以要传字符串,则是又一个非关技术的无聊的问题了,用 Jira 里的概念说应该叫做设计如此(By Design)。好了,以上就是这篇博客的内容啦,谢谢大家!

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